Military deception - Wikipedia. Military deception refers to attempts to mislead enemy forces during warfare. This is usually achieved by creating or amplifying an artificial fog of war via psychological operations, information warfare, visual deception and other methods.
As a form of strategic use of information (disinformation), it overlaps with psychological warfare. To the degree that any enemy that falls for the deception will lose confidence when it is revealed, he may hesitate when confronted with the truth. Deception in warfare dates back to early history. The Art of War, an ancient Chinese military treatise, puts great emphasis on the tactic. In modern times military deception has developed as a fully fledged doctrine.
Misinformation and visual deception were employed during World War I and came into even greater prominence during World War II. In the buildup to the 1.
Normandy the Allies executed one of the largest deceptions in military history, Operation Bodyguard, helping them achieve full tactical surprise. Types of deception. Deception across a strategic battlefield was uncommon until the modern age (particularly in the world wars of the 2. The use of military camouflage, especially on a large scale, is a form of deception. A favoured tactic of Napoleon. At first it fell to individual commanders to develop tactical deception on the battlefield.
Models of honesty and deception The approach of this paper is ethnographic - an interpretation of closely examined social discourse. As a framework for the.
Index to Solving 9-11: The Deception that Changed the World. Index to Solving 9-11: The Deception that Changed the World (2012 print edition). At Euro Soccer we put kids first by offering a unique, safe and fun program. Children learn skills, coordination, teamwork, make friends and have. Deception, beguilement, deceit, bluff, mystification, and subterfuge is the act of propagating beliefs in things that are not true, or not the whole truth (as in half. Architects Of Deception Secret History Of Freemasonry 1. CONTENTS Introductory Explanations 9 1.
It was not until the modern era that deception was organised at a high strategic level, as part of entire campaigns or wars. Hannibal, widely recognised as one of the finest military commanders in history, made extensive use of deception in his campaigns. The Ancient Greeks were noted for several forms of tactical deception. They certainly invented smoke screens during the Peloponnesian War and later stories refer to the famous Trojan horse which allowed them to defeat Troy.
His opponent, Vercingetorix, shadowed Caesar's force from the opposite bank, contesting any attempted crossing. Caesar camped overnight in a wood; when departing the following day he left a third of his force behind, splitting down the remainder to appear as his full strength. Once the coast was clear, the hidden forces rebuilt a smashed crossing and established a bridgehead.
One volume of Roman aristocrat Frontinus's Stratagems, written in the first century AD, deals entirely with deception. Nevertheless, ancient Rome professed to generally despise the tactic. The chivalrous countries in western Europe considered the tactic to be underhanded, whilst Eastern armies considered it a key skill: the Byzantine general Belisarius was particularly noted for using deception against overwhelming odds.
The Deception of Billy Graham, a Mind-Control Front. In 1992, Billy Graham broadcast all over the U.S.
As a result, the much larger army of Goths fled in panic on his approach. William the Conqueror appears to have used this tactic successfully during the Battle of Hastings, although the actual events are disputed by scholars. Whatever the truth, the battle has at least been used as a famous example of the tactic. Mongol warlords also made use of disinformation tactics, spreading (or encouraging) rumours about the size and effectiveness of their forces.
They even made use of visual deception; cavalry often kept numerous reserve horses, and these were mounted with straw dummies. On the battlefield the Mongols used many tactical deceptions, from lighting fires as a smokescreen to luring opponents into traps. In 1. 27. 1 Sultan Baybars successfully captured the formidable Krak des Chevaliers by handing the besieged knights a letter, supposedly from their commander, ordering them to surrender.
It was, of course, faked, but the knights duly capitulated. At around the same time, in England, the Welsh Tudors were seeking a revocation of the price Henry Percy had placed on their heads.
Edward Griffin's shocking video interview, Soviet Subversion of the Free-World Press (1984), where he interviews ex-KGB officer and Soviet. The Don Bell Reports are of enormous importance for persons interested in the unvarnished truth (history) of the promotion of socialism in the United States.
They decided to capture Percy's Conwy castle; by posing as a carpenter one of their small band was able to gain access to the castle, a variant on the Trojan horse tactic, and let in his compatriots. Armies were, unlike the previous Roman legions, untrained and unprepared. Military strategy was similarly ad hoc, and deception strategies varied in effectiveness across the civilised world.
In Discourses on Livy, a history of early Rome, he says: Although to use deception in any action is detestable, nevertheless in waging war it is praiseworthy and brings fame: he who conquers the enemy by deception is praised as much as he who conquers them by force. Following the American defeat at the Battle of Long Island in late August 1.
Washington's forces retreated to positions on Brooklyn Heights, with a superior British force surrounding them on three sides and their backs to the East River. The British confidently expected that Washington would find his position untenable and would surrender, bringing the Revolution to a close.
But Washington instead called for a flotilla of small boats to ferry his 9,0. Manhattan Island under the cover of darkness. Washington ordered his troops to withdraw, unit by unit, so that it did not appear that a general retreat was taking place. The wheels of the supply wagons and gun carriages were wrapped in rags to muffle their noise and troops ordered to remain silent so as not to alert the nearby British to any activity. Rear- guard units stayed behind to keep the campfires blazing through the night to fool British scouts into thinking the colonial army was still there, until they too were withdrawn. A morning fog helped Washington complete his retreat, with all 9,0.
When the British advanced, they were surprised to find the American force completely gone. Honeyman posed as a pro- British Tory. A butcher and a weaver, he traded with the local British and Hessian troops and not only acquired intelligence but also spread disinformation, convincing them that morale of Washington's Continental Army was low and that an end- of- year attack against their positions was unlikely. Charles Cornwallis to chase down Washington's smaller force and neutralize it. Washington again resorted to some of the same tactics he had successfully used months earlier in Brooklyn, spiriting the bulk of his troops out of harm's way with a nighttime retreat, muffling the wheels of the wagons and gun carriages to reduce their noise and leaving a rear guard to keep the campfires burning in order to fool his British pursuers. Washington was able to move his army into a position from which he was able to defeat the British at the Battle of Princeton in early 1. Deception began to be used formally on the battlefield as well as in broader strategy.
In response to a French request for terms of surrender, including safe passage home, Cawdor replied; . Fearing a massacre by the Indians, the elderly Hull capitulated, surrendering the town and the attached fort and an army which outnumbered Brock's and Tecumseh's forces. However, the master deceiver of this period was Napoleon Bonaparte, the French military commander and politician whose strategies influenced much of modern warfare. Napoleon made significant use of tactical deception during his campaigns and, later, of strategic deception. In 1. 79. 6, at the Battle of Lodi, he successfully achieved a crossing of the River Po. In a reversal of Caesar's tactic centuries earlier, Napoleon mounted a token crossing attempt against a strong Austrian force under Johann Beaulieu. Meanwhile, the bulk of his force moved up river and obtained an uncontested bridgehead at Piacenzam before attacking their enemy's rear guard.
He referred to this tactic as manoeuvre sur les derri. The raiding party sailed into Tripoli harbor aboard the ketch. USS Intrepid . The pilot of the ship claimed to have lost its anchors in a storm and sought permission to tie up next to the captured Philadelphia. When the two ships had tied up, Decatur and his crew overwhelmed the small force guarding the vessel, using only swords and pikes, so as not to alert the Tripolitan authorities to their presence by firing any gunshots. Unable to be sailed away, the Philadelphia was destroyed by Decatur and his crew, who then safely escaped. Famed British admiral Lord Nelson later called Decatur's feat .
In 1. 86. 2, following a series of harrying attacks along the Shenandoah valley, his army marched in secret to attack forces under George B. Mc. Clellan at Richmond, Virginia. Jackson spread rumours that he was heading in a different direction, and even sent engineers to survey the fictional route. His army was kept under strict orders not to talk about, or even know, where they actually were, or were headed. Magruder during the Siege of Yorktown in 1.
Magruder's elaborate charade helped convince the cautious Mc. Clellan that he faced an army considerably more formidable than it actually was.
Mc. Clellan delayed advancing his army, allowing time for Confederate reinforcements could be brought up. As the latter were trying to repair the damaged Indianola and refloat her so that her powerful guns could be turned against Porter's remaining fleet, Porter ordered the construction of a giant dummy ironclad out of barges, barrels and other materials at hand. Fashioned to look like a real warship . It silently sailed in the night past Rebel shore batteries, impervious to their gunfire and not returning their fire at all. News and exaggerated rumors of the mysterious and seemingly indestructable super- ship quickly spread through Vicksburg and reached the Confederate salvage crews working on the Indianola; in a panic, they halted their salvage efforts, instead just blowing up the Indianola and abandoning the wreckage site, thus failing in their mission to salvage and reuse the ship.
When the giant dummy ship finally ran aground and was captured and inspected by the Confederates, Southern newspapers got hold of the story and roundly criticized their military and naval authorities for having been unable to tell the difference between a real warship and a fake one.